NEWS & ANNOUNCEMENTS

Stay informed with the latest news surrounding C&S Propeller, its customers, partners and industry topics.

C&S Propeller – Upgrades its Internal Engineering Capabilities

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March 3, 2022

Bellevue, Washington –  C&S Propeller and PPI, members of the Precision Aerospace Products (PAP) group of companies, are meeting the challenges of its expansive growth by partnering with IAC in Fort Worth, Texas, merging IAC’s and PAP’s deep core of innovative and advanced engineering teams.

In October 2021, IAC and PAP signed a Strategic Teaming Agreement focused on expanding PAP’s core business in propeller blade overhauls and repairs. The association with IAC has opened the door to meet PPI’s strategic growth initiatives and now includes cutting-edge rotor aircraft blade repairs and engineering support. PAP has capitalized on the opportunity to build upon its core knowledge with over 100 years of cumulative engineering experience by expanding into a similar market. The PAP/IAC strategic partnership opens the doors to a new line of blade repairs and brings together two of the industry’s most renowned engineering groups. Both companies have an extensive history in propeller and rotor blade repairs.

Jeff Heikke, CEO of PPI and the Precision Aerospace group of companies, stated: “PPI is already recognized as a cutting edge engineering powerhouse, having been the first to engineer a solution for the new and complex requirements under T.O. 3H1-18-3 Rev 0. PPI continues to focus on being the first to engineer solutions and new approaches to extending the life of C-130 and P3 propeller systems. At our core, in our DNA, and as our corporate mission, we are about “Knowledge, Relationships and Solutions.” We are proud to announce IAC’s integration into our engineering team, underscoring our long-term objectives and mission.”

IAC is recognized as a disruptive growth leader in the rotor blade market, paying dividends. “We are at the center of leading-edge technology in the rotor blade market with unparalleled solutions in our industry.” Said Randy Steven, CEO of IAC. “We are poised and eager to assist and continue our reputation as a market disruptor by applying new solutions and innovations in the propeller and rotor blade industry.”

“The partnering of PAP and IAC is just the beginning. PAP will continue to lead in engineering innovations well into the future.” George Canovas, Corporate CCO and Executive Vice President of PPI-Technical Services.
With the addition of IAC’s engineering group, the transformation of the PAP Group of Companies has hit another milestone – conceived and executed in a deliberate and precise manner. This is just the beginning. Stay tuned, there is more to come.

Visit C&S Propeller and International Aviation Composites Ltd. for more information about the Precision Aerospace Products group.

C&S Propeller Completes Installation of Its Relocated Propeller MRO Facility In Fort Worth, TX

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Fort Worth, TX Nov 8, 2016 – With its relocation to Fort Worth, Texas, complete and corresponding FAA repair station certificate issued, C&S Propeller’s large propeller system maintenance, repair and overhaul (MRO) business is operating at peak capacity.

C&S started construction of its new 18,000 square foot facility over the summer. The shop was developed and outfitted with proven, efficient processes and tools. Highly experienced and trained propeller technicians continue to operate the shop with diverse backgrounds that include military and commercial MRO.

Founded in 1968, C&S Propeller is one of the world’s foremost experts in the maintenance, repair and overhaul of the 54H60 propeller system used on the Lockheed C-130 Hercules military aircraft and its commercial variant, the L-100. C&S serves military, government and civilian C-130/L-100 operators around the globe.

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Providing a single-source point of propeller system MRO, the scope of services offered include comprehensive aspects of the entire propeller propulsion system. These systems include prop blades, hubs, valve housings, pump housings and spinners.

With over 1,400 aircraft in military and civilian operation, the Lockheed C-130/L-100 is one of aviation’s largest and most widely used transport aircraft fleet.

Buddy Tobin, C&S’s Vice President & General Manager, is getting plenty of positive feedback from customers on the new facility and its location. “Our value proposition to the market has always been to deliver quicker turn times, extremely competitive pricing along with accessible and responsive personnel. It’s not unusual to get an urgent call on an evening or weekend from somewhere in the world…and we take the call.”

C&S Propeller’s Sales Manager, Morgon Duke, is committed to industry knowledge, relationships and solutions. “If an aircraft isn’t flying, it isn’t producing. Customers always come first here at C&S. Our new shop gives us the responsiveness and flexibility to the global fleet not found anywhere else.”

About C&S Propeller
Founded in 1968, C&S has always remained a small business focused on personalized customer support. C&S stands for Customer Service.

C&S gained entry to the 54H60 propeller market as a sub-contractor for Lockheed Martin, whereby C&S assembled and tested factory new propellers for the P3 Orion manufacturing program in Burbank, California.

Military and Civilian Uses Of The C-130 And The L-100

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The Lockheed Martin C-130 Hercules aircraft, and its civilian counterpart, the L-100, can safely be referred to as the most successful aircraft of their kind ever made. When speaking of the various missions and uses the planes have been put through, it’s almost easier to mention what they haven’t been used for over their long operational life.

The C-130 was originally developed in the early 1950’s to answer the U.S. military’s need for an aircraft that could transport large loads of equipment and personnel and be capable of operating out of short, unimproved airfields. Its first flight was in 1954, and it almost immediately became the go-to workhorse of the military. It saw extensive use in Vietnam and every theater of war since then, most notably in Iraq and Afghanistan.

It performed so well that just ten years later Lockheed Martin decided to produce a civilian version, the L-100, which first took to the skies in 1964. Sales of the aircraft were initially slower than hoped, so Lockheed redesigned the L-100 in 1967, stretching the airframe and significantly increasing the cargo capacity. They did the same in 1969 to produce the L-100-30 version, which has proved to be the most popular with the civilian market.

Both the C-130 and the L-100 have earned a sterling reputation for safety, reliability, and versatility. They have been deployed for a variety of mission, both military and civilian.

Military Uses

The United States military and that of several other nations around the world has primarily used both the C-130 and the L-100 for the mission it was designed for, to move troops and equipment where they need to be. However, with more than 40 variations of the aircraft, it has proven useful in many other roles, most notably as the AC-130 gunship that gained fame in Vietnam. Other missions include:

  • Search and rescue
  • Aerial refueling
  • Weather reconnaissance and scientific surveys
  • Air ambulance and medevac
  • Aerial firefighting
  • Ocean Patrol
  • Electronic warfare
  • Drone support and control

Some variants have even been equipped with skis for duty in the polar regions.

Civilian Uses 

In mid-2009 there were 36 L-100 aircraft in use by both military and civilian organizations around the world. In addition to most of the duties listed above as they can be applied to peacetime needs, the L-100 has been used primarily for air cargo and air charter services, and also by several airlines on regularly scheduled routes. It is also favored for transporting government personnel and other VIPs.

We have three current customers who use the C-130 Hercules of L-100 aircraft.

Coulson Aviation

Coulson Aviation uses a fleet of C-130s to fight fires around the globe.

Lynden Air Cargo

Lynden Air Cargo, another customer of C&S Propeller for maintenance, repair, and overhaul services of the 54H60 Propeller system, uses both the L-100 and C-130 Hercules for hauling freight. Lynden Air Cargo has the equipment, aircraft, and the expertise to move your cargo to remote locations throughout Alaska, Canada and destinations around the world.

International Air Response

Finally, another customer of ours, International Air Response, is a global provider of specialized aerial services. Founded in 1976, the company owns, maintains, and operates a large fleet of Lockheed C-130 Hercules aircraft. IAR provides safe, efficient, and effective emergency and non-emergency aerial services to a wide variety of government and private sector clients around the world.

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Both the C-130 and the L-100 appear to have many more years of service ahead of them with upgrades to their systems, especially modern avionics technology.

The Lockheed L-100 Aircraft, Its History, Mission, and Future

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The Lockheed C-130 family of aircraft has been in service for over six decades and has earned a reputation around the world as one of the greatest military aircraft ever produced. But its brother the L-100 aircraft, the civilian version of the mighty Hercules, has been flying almost as long and has gained a reputation for reliability, ruggedness, safety, and performance that is no less distinguished than the C-130.

The L-100 aircraft was born on April 20th, 1964, when the first prototype took flight. It entered service in late 1965 when 25 of the aircraft were delivered to Continental Air Services.

In response to slow initial sales, Lockheed responded with the L-100-20 and the L-100-30, both of which were longer, larger, and cheaper to operate than the original version. The L-100 was in production until 1992, with a total of 114 of them delivered to customers around the world. Due to its remarkable history of performance, in 2014 Lockheed formally announced the newest incarnation, the LM-100J.

Performance and Missions of the L-100 Aircraft

The L-100, like the C-130, is intended to be capable of carrying large payloads into short, unimproved airfields, although as a civilian model it, of course, has been used for a much wider range of missions than the military model.

L-100 aircraft

Powered by the superb Hamilton Standard 54H60 four-bladed propeller system on the L-100, its performance is excellent, with a maximum takeoff weight of 155,000 lbs. and a payload of 51,000 lbs., it has a top speed of 355 mph and a cruise of 335, a service ceiling of 23,000 ft., and a rate of -climb of 1,830 fpm. It also boasts a range of 1,800 mi.

The L-100 aircraft is currently in civilian service in 16 countries around the globe, and with the militaries of the Philippines, Saudi Arabia, Algeria, Indonesia, Kuwait, and several smaller nations. Besides carrying cargo and transporting personnel, it has been used for a variety of purposes, including aerial spraying, fire fighting, oil, gas, and mining logistics, humanitarian and air ambulance services, search and rescue, weather research, Arctic exploration and supply, and more. The L-100’s versatility and performance have made it a staple in many industries.

C&S Propeller is one of the primary providers of MRO services for the 54H60 propeller system used on the L-100 aircraft.

Why Has The C-130 Been Called The Energizer Bunny of Aircraft?

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On April 7th, 2015, the Lockheed Martin Corporation celebrated the 60th anniversary of one of its most long-lived and fruitful aircraft, the legendary C-130. It was on that date that the first production model was rolled out of their factory in Marietta, Georgia back in 1955, where the governor smashed a bottle of water from the Chattahoochee River across its nose to christen it.

Celebrating the Long Lasting History of the C-130

 

At the 2015 celebration, Governor Nathan Deal recreated that ceremony on a Super Hercules, while C-130 number 2,500 was coming to life on the assembly line inside the factory. The previous year, the historic aircraft reached another 60-year milestone. On August 23rd, 1954, the aircraft, then designated as the YC-130 took flight for the first time in Burbank, California.

The Lockheed Company has been manufacturing the C-130 longer than two of its other major hits, the iconic B-52 bomber and the U-2 spy plane. The U.S Congress has had a long-standing love affair with the aircraft, providing generous funding for new planes and upgrades, even in the face of resistance from the Pentagon. One defense analyst has called it the ‘Energizer Bunny’ of the aerospace industry. It has been convincingly argued that the C-130 is the most successful aircraft in military history, certainly the oldest in continuous production.

So what keeps this bunny ticking?

Ruggedness, Reliability, Versatility

The C-130 was conceived to meet the U.S. military’s need for a tactical transport capable of delivering a large payload of troops and equipment over medium distances, landing and taking off on short, unimproved airstrips. The fact that it has performed that role exceptionally well constitutes for its phenomenal success. However, that is not all. There are well over 100 variations of the C-130, performing almost every mission imaginable including firefighting, rescue operations, ocean patrol, oil and mining industry applications, humanitarian aid and more. U.S. Special Forces have used the AC-130 gunship version to significant effect, and there’s talk of outfitting it with a laser weapon. Moreover, Lockheed has seen an ever-growing demand for the civilian version, the L-100.

The newest version, the C-130J Super Hercules, has brought a lot of new capabilities to the table, with advanced overhead displays, more powerful engines, improved defensive countermeasures, a greatly increased unrefueled maximum range, greater airspeed and the ability to takeoff on only about 60% of the runway distance required by earlier versions.

In addition, the C130 has been made legendary for also retaining the basic design, its rugged reliability and relatively low-cost to operate and maintain. The C-130 also boasts one of the lowest accident rates of any aircraft in the U.S. arsenal. It has truly proven itself capable of doing almost anything short of dogfighting.

Into The 21st Century

The C-130 is currently in use in more than 70 countries around the world. It has fought in Vietnam, Iraq, Afghanistan and many other small conflicts and police actions. It has flown to both the North and South poles, and seen service just about everywhere in between. It seems poised to remain the go-to workhorse aircraft of its type well into this young century.

Differences Between The 54H60 Propeller System and Dowty R391 Propellers

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54h60 propeller_blades

In today’s blog post we’ll cover the difference between the 54H60 propeller system and the Dowty R391 propellers. At C&S we provide MRO services for the 54H60, but we get asked all the time about the differences between these two propeller systems that both power the C-130 aircraft.

The 54H60 Propeller System vs. Dowty R391

The C-130 Hercules is one of the most successful aircraft ever built. Known affectionately by the men and women who have served on them as the ‘Herc’, among many other monikers; it has been outstanding at performing its primary mission.

Conceptualized and designed for the U.S. Air Force in response to the evident and changing battlefield realities by the Korean War, Lockheed flew the first prototype, designated then as the YC-130, in 1954; the first operational aircraft, then known as the C-130A, were delivered to the USAF in 1956. The Herc was designed to deliver large payloads onto rough landing strips, with a short takeoff and landing distance. It performed its duties admirably and has since been the first-line workhorse of the military during all of America’s wars and peacetime operations, as well as being heavily utilized for civilian roles. Its versatility is legendary.

During its long operational life, the C-130 has been fitted with four different propeller systems, including Curtis Electric propellers, three-bladed Aeroproducts propellers, the four-bladed Hamilton Standard 54H60 and the six-bladed Dowty R391 propeller, all of them excellent and having their unique strengths, weaknesses and purpose. We’ll take a quick look at two of the most prominent systems, the Hamilton Standard 54H60 and the Dowty R391.

Dowty R391

The Dowty R391 propeller system has been used on all the newest version C-130J Super Hercules aircraft. It utilizes a six-bladed, swept-back design with ARA-D/A airfoils, with individual blades constructed of glass and carbon fiber with an inner core of polyurethane foam. A single lever manages the electronic prop control system, which is also integrated with the engine controls, providing simplified operation. This, along with other design features, makes the system very lightweight while delivering good takeoff and climb performance, as well as low levels of noise.

54h60 vs dowty r391

Maintenance on the R391 has also been simplified as much as possible by its modular design and hub construction, a minimum of parts and the lack of complicated and fragile mechanical linkages to the cockpit.

Besides providing power for the C-130J Super Hercules, which is serving in the armed forces of several countries around the world, the Dowty R391 propeller system is also used on the Alenia Aeronautica C-27J Spartan tactical transport and on the ShinMaywa US-1A Kai amphibious aircraft, owned and operated by the Japanese Self-Defense Forces.

Powered by Rolls-Royce AE 2100D3 engines on the C-130J, it has consistently delivered safe and dependable service since the mid 1990’s.

Hamilton Standard 54H60

This system uses four propeller blades and is used on many of the legacy models in the C-130 fleet, as well as on the civilian and commercial version, the L-100. It is a constant speed, hydraulically-operated, full-feathering system, providing excellent control and performance in a variety of flight configurations.


Other features include a pitch lock regulator that prevents a sudden decrease in the angle of the blades in the event of a system malfunction, such as the loss of the hydraulic pressure necessary for controlling the propellers, or in the event of an over-speed condition of 103.5%, as well as a low-pitch prop assembly that prevents the propeller blades’ pitch from decreasing below a preselected angle when in the flight range.

The HS 54H60 uses a blade heater for de-icing, and also utilizes a contact de-icing ring to ensure that there is no buildup of ice on the tips of the blades; this can be critical for maximum performance.

The Hamilton Standard 54H60 also has a long history of reliable service.

The 54H60 propeller system have been in service for decades while the Dowty R391 has been in service since 1996. Both will remain a staple of the C-130 fleet for many years to come.

Popular Nicknames Of The C-130 Hercules

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c-130-hercules-fat-albert

Today we talk about the nicknames for the C-130 Hercules. Humans have always given affectionate nicknames to the things they love and mocking nicknames to those they do not. Ships, horses, dogs, and mothers-in-law often acquire monikers other than their given names, Old Ironsides and ‘old battleaxe’ for instance, and in the military, weapons, tanks, sergeants, and generals all earn titles or callsigns describing an individual trait or quirk. In civilian life, cars, trucks, bulldozers, drinking buddies, cities, and neighborhoods – just about anything can acquire a nickname. Moreover, aircraft are no exception.

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Paratroops and C-130 Hercules at the airpower11 airshow on July 01, 2011 in Zeltweg, Austria

There’s the Fairchild A-10 Thunderbolt, better known as the Warthog for its distinctive, and many say ugly, design, the Lockheed U-2 spy plane, sometimes called the Useless Deuce, the Grumman F-14 Tomcat, also referred to as the Turkey, and the McDonnell Douglas F-15 Strike Eagle, which somehow gained the nickname of Tennis Court. However, few aircraft have been called by as many humorous names by the men and women who have flown and served on them than the much beloved and honored workhorse, the Lockheed C-130 Hercules Aircraft. Here’s a look at a few of the most popular ones.

Popular Nicknames for the C-130 Hercules

The popular C-130 Hercules is used by many military and air forces around the world. With the military especially, we’ve grown accustom to intresting nicknames of the tools the military uses. Here’s a look at a few of the most popular ones.

  • Bleed Air Blimp– Bleed air is highly compressed air produced by the compressor section of gas-turbine engines, a certain amount of which can be bled off and used for many other purposes on an aircraft. Some of these uses include engine cooling, cabin pressurization, starting other engines, air conditioning, anti-icing systems, hydraulic fluid reservoir pressurization, and more. Since most of this aircraft is powered or assisted by air bleeding from other sources and the blimp part of this common C-130 nickname is derived from the bulbous, inflated-looking profile of the aircraft, Bleed Air Blimp makes perfect sense.
  • The Herk or Herc– The most-used moniker for the C-130 Hercules, obviously just a shortened version of Hercules, is Herc or Herk. Though this nickname is usually, not always, spelled with a ‘c’ it is sometimes seen with a ‘k’ for some reason, and truly no one seems to know why. The use of ‘k’ is seen in Wikipedia and other forums, but typically you’ll see this nickname as ‘Herc.’ Many veterans and military historians trace the origin of the nickname “Herc” back to the Vietnam War. However, there’s some evidence to indicate it was in usage as far back as 1950, when the plane was first introduced, or even earlier, during the design and testing stage at Lockheed, which would make sense since it’s such an obvious nickname.
  • Fat Albert– This is a nickname used exclusively by the U.S. Navy’s elite aerobatic demonstration team, the Blue Angels. As an interesting aside, the squadron’s iconic name originated in New York City in 1946, when one of the original members saw a New Yorker magazine article about the popular Blue Angel nightclub, and the team adopted it as their nickname. Their C-130, often called just Bert for short, it is used mostly for logistics duties such as carrying equipment and spare parts as well as ferrying support personnel between airshows. It also performs flyovers, and starting in 1975 it was used to demonstrate the impressive JATO (Jet Assisted Take Off) system to awe airshow audiences, but this was unfortunately discontinued in 2009 due to a shortage of the necessary rockets, Vietnam-era EF-84Gs. There have been two C-130 Hercules used in succession by the Blue Angels since 1992, the first one a TC-130G, and the second a C-130T. Although Fat Albert flies to support a Navy unit, it is a U.S. Marine Corp bird and is operated exclusively by Marine personnel.


Responsible for the maintenance of a C-130 Hercules Aircraft? C&S Propeller is your partner to maintain the 54H60 Propeller System. Contact us today for information on our services.

What Air Force’s Around the World Use the C-130 Hercules Aircraft?

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Designed originally for transporting troops and equipment to war zones, the C-130 Hercules aircraft has been used for civilian and military applications around the globe. Of course, some of its most notable uses stem from its role in U.S. military might since its inception.

c-130 Hercules Greek Air Force
By Chris Lofting – http://www.airliners.net/photo/Greece—Air/Lockheed-C-130H-Hercules/1513481/L/, GFDL 1.2, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=18727895

However, the versatility, fuel efficiency, and advanced technology have made the “Herc” an ideal choice for foreign Air Forces on nearly every continent, including the following.

North America

  • Canada operates 17 C-130 aircraft, and Mexico has a total of 11 C-130s, including two C-130J models.
  • Honduras also uses the C-130, but exact aircraft numbers remain unknown.
  • The United States leads the pack with nearly 100 C-130 Hercules aircraft. The C130s are used for rescue missions, for training, logistics operations, refuelers, special ops and a few others. Here is the breakdown:
    • United States Air Force operates 54
    • The United States Air National Gaurd has 26
    • The United States Coast Guard flies 6
    • The United States Marine Corps also has 6
    • And finally the United States Navy flies 8

Africa

  • The Algerian Air Force maintains 19 transports via the C-130.
  • Botswana, Cameroon, Ethiopia, Gabon, Niger, Sudan, Tunisia and Zambia use the C-130 for Air Force operations, but an exact number of aircraft in use is unknown.
  • In Cairo West Airport, the Egyptian Air Force operates three C-130s.
  • Libya currently uses four C-130s.
  • The Royal Moroccan Air Force operates C-130 transports out of Rabat.
  • The Nigerian Air Force maintains two C-130 aircraft, including one C-130H and one C-130H-30
  • South Africa’s Air Force 28th Squadron uses the C-130 at AFB Waterkloof, Pretoria.

Asia

  • Bangladesh has four C-130Bs based out of BAF Base Bashar in Dhaka Cantonment.
  • The Republic of China Air Force has 19 C-130H models and one C-130HE.
  • India has a total of 12 C-130J aircraft, even though all C-130 operations only began in 2011.
  • The Indonesia TNI-AU maintains 26 aircraft at Skadron Udara 17, 31 and 32.
  • The Islamic Republic of Iran Air Force uses a C-130E and a C-130H in their operations.
  • The 23rd Squadron in the Iraqi Air Force operates six C-130 aircraft, including six C-130J models.
  • The Israel Air Force has two C-130E models at the 103rd and 131st Squadrons at Nevatim.
  • The Japan Air Self-Defense Force and Japan Maritime Self-Defense Force operates 16 C-130 Aircraft.
  • The Royal Jordanian Air Force operates seven C-130H models, and some of the Air Force’s older C-130B models have been converted to other configurations.
  • The Royal Malaysian Air Force and Pakistan Air Force and Philippine Air Force each maintain three C-130 aircraft.
  • The Royal Air Force of Oman uses one C-130H at Seeb.
  • Qatar Emiri Air Force currently has four C-130Js in use.
  • The Royal Saudi Air Force has six C-130 aircraft in the 1st, 4th, 16th and 32nd Squadrons.
  • The Republic of Singapore Air Force’s 122nd Squadron uses 10 C-130 aircraft.
  • South Korea, Sri Lanka, and the Royal Thai Air Force operate one C-130.
  • South Vietnam no longer uses the C-130, but in 1972, the country had up to 32 C-130As in operation.
  • Both the United Arab Emirates and Yemen use the C-130 in Air Force operations.

Europe

  • The Austrian Air Force and Portuguese Air Force each maintain one C-130.
  • The 15th Wing of the Belgian Air Component operates 11 C-130H models.
  • Bulgaria’s Air Force uses three C-130K, three C-130E and Three KC-130T aircraft.
  • Denmark currently has four C-130J models at Aalborg.
  • France operates the Franche-Comte, including two C-130H models at Orleans Bricy Air Base.
  • Greece has 15 C-130 aircraft in use.
  • Italy maintains 22 C-130J models.
  • The Netherlands and Norway each operate four C-130 Hercules aircraft.
  • The Polish Air Force uses 14 C-130 models in total.
  • Romania has four C-130B models and one C-130H available for use.
  • Spain has two C-130 aircraft at Zaragoza.
  • Sweden operates three C-130 aircraft, and Turkey maintains 14 aircraft.
  • The United Kingdom’s Royal Air Force uses the C-130 at Brize Norton and for Air Force meteorological research.
  • South America
  • Argentina’s 1st Air Brigade uses three C-130B, five C-130H and two KC0130H aircraft.
  • Bolivia’s Air Force maintains a total of seven C-130 transports.
  • The Brazilian Air Force has 21 C-130Ms in use due to upgrades by the company, Derco.
  • Chile uses three C-130 aircraft, and the Colombian Air Force uses one for Air Command for Military Transportation.
  • Ecuador, Peru and Venezuela use the C-130 in Air Force operations, but a lack of records results in an unknown number of currently active aircraft.

Oceania

The Royal Australian Air Force and Country Fire Authority, part of Australia’s military, operate C-130s, but an exact number is unknown.

Final Thoughts

The C-130 Hercules aircraft changed the world’s view on standard Air Force equipment, and while it has fallen into museums as the history of some countries’ Air Forces, it continues to be an integral part of modern Air Force capabilities. Only time will tell how truly expansive the use of future generations of the C-130 will become, but continued maintenance will take the C-130 deep into this century.

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